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Recent Advances in the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia
Table 2.
Summary of Neurochemical Findings in Schizophrenia
| Neurotransmitter | Strength of evidence |
|---|---|
| +/− = weak; + = moderate; ++ = good; +++ = strong; ++++ = very strong shown by meta-analysis. ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease. α Though much of the increase is due to antipsychotic medication. | |
| Dopamine | |
| Striatal D2 receptors ↑ | ++++α |
| Dopamine content or metabolism ↑ | +++α |
| Amphetamine-stimulated dopamine transmission ↑ | +++ |
| Cortical D1 receptors ↓ | + |
| Cortical D3 receptors ↑ | + |
| D4 receptors ↑ | +/− |
| Abnormal configuration of D2 receptors | +/− |
| Altered dopamine receptor–G protein coupling | +/− |
| Serotonin | |
| Cortical 5-HT2A receptors ↓ | +++ |
| Cortical 5-HT1A receptors ↑ | ++ |
| CSF 5-HIAA concentrations related to negative symptoms | + |
| Glutamate | |
| Expression of non-NMDA receptors in the temporal cortex and hippocampus ↓ | ++ |
| Cortical expression of some NMDA receptor subunits ↑ | ++ |
| Glutamate reuptake in frontal cortex ↑ | + |
| Cortical glutamate release ↓ | + |
| Altered concentrations of glutamate and metabolites | +/− |
